In order to improve understanding of the structure and dynamics of INNOVATION SYSTEMs, researchers and policy analysts have studied the various empirical cases. However, policymakers often face with problems in exploiting practical strategies. Among the different approaches to INNOVATION SYSTEMs, the TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM has a close relationship with the concept of INNOVATION policy. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to investigate the TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM, its structures and functions and also to analyse this concept for a scheme of INNOVATION policy and technology development. The influence of contexts and life cycles that affect the policy process are also considered. Finally, in order to illustrate the application of the concepts, the photovoltaic TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM in Iran is investigated.

This study aims to answer the question ofwhat are the failures of the biofuels INNOVATION SYSTEM in Iran. To attain this goal, it conducts a structural analysis (actors, institutions, networks, infrastructures). By studying path of formation and growth Iran's biofuels sector using TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM approach and effects of various functions on each other using structural equation modeling determines the motor of INNOVATION. Finally, through interaction between structural and functional properties, failures of biofuels SYSTEM will be identified and based on motors of INNOVATION, importance of these failures in creating vicious circles and converting it to virtous circles will be studied.

Sience and technology should be put in the practice in the context of invention and operational approach. In this way major scientific and TECHNOLOGICAL policies must be taken into consideration. In the field of defensive TECHNOLOGICAL invention, If the needs SYSTEMatically, can be repeatedly respond in the frame of a model, high efficiency will have gained in the battle front. In hybrid war, many samples of abilities and inventional INNOVATION efficiency earned, wich inspiring this research. The purpose of this research is to design a strategic model for the TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM in hybrid war. The present study population consisted of researchers, faculty members, experts and experts in military technology in the field of ground combat. 100 of them were identified and 80 were selected by simple random sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed that defensive notification policies, INNOVATION capacity, operational dimension of INNOVATION knowledge of tactics and defense theories are the main prerequisites for the model and creativity, INNOVATION, sensemaking, design, technology and knowledge brekthrough are the most important dimensions and main variables of the strategy model of the TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM in the field of hybrid war.

INNOVATION SYSTEMs of any countries is one of the most important subjects that affected directly by science and technology policies. INNOVATION SYSTEMs are categorized to: TECHNOLOGICAL, sectoral, regional and national INNOVATION SYSTEMs. New compounding advantages made by combining every two approaches of INNOVATION SYSTEMs. In Iran, according to the importance of upstream sector of petroleum industry, petrochemical sector has requirements for creating added value from INNOVATION. According to the sectoral management, the combination TECHNOLOGICAL and sectoral INNOVATION SYSTEMs seem appropriate for closer analysis of dominated conditions on INNOVATION in this arena. Therefore in this paper, introduced interactions in sectoral INNOVATION SYSTEM were applied for modeling the TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM about one of the catalystes of Petrochemical industry in Iran. Proposed model was developed by using the SYSTEM Dynamics approach. Also in this model, Monte Carlo simulation was used to indicate the functions behavior during the INNOVATION lifecycle. The results predict the functions state of the INNOVATION SYSTEM, analyzing the INNOVATION life cycle and the requirements governing its development. This indicates the status of the development of selected technology in TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM studied.

The importance of INNOVATION and technology development and understanding the complexities of these processes have led numerous researchers to present and develop different theories during the recent years. One of the pervasive and successful theories of the past years in the field of INNOVATION and technology studies is the approach of INNOVATION SYSTEMs. The shortcomings and weaknesses of the INNOVATION SYSTEM approach and its inadequacy in analyzing the complexity of the INNOVATION process and technology development became one of the drivers for presenting the theory of INNOVATION ecoSYSTEMs. Despite the number of studies, in none of the presented articles, a specific TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM was criticized from an ecoSYSTEM perspective. In this study, the photovoltaic TIS of Iran is criticized from an ecoSYSTEM perspective by using governance changes of INNOVATION ecoSYSTEMs. According to the results of this study, the approach of the TIS does not provide effective policies to overcome the challenges in INNOVATION SYSTEMs due to its detailed and linear view of technology development. Also, the approach of TIS does not pay attention to the co-creation of value and the evolution and co-evolution of actors and the INNOVATION SYSTEM, and it does not pay attention to the diversity of actors and the relationship between them. The one-dimensional view of TIS does not have the ability to monitor the monocentricity or polycentricity of the INNOVATION SYSTEM and the functional redundancy of the SYSTEM, and with insufficient indicators, it makes mistakes in identifying the development stage of the SYSTEM.

Development of Technology is one of the main factors of political change of the modem world. A TECHNOLOGICAL change could change nature and structure of political arrangements of the society. This restructuring of the society could happen by economic and professional change, by creating new division of labor, by creating new classes and new resources, and so on. In this article, first of all, a definition of INNOVATION and distinction between invention and INNOVATION is elaborated. At the second part of the article a review of theoretical literature is presented. And at the final part of the article the result of the statistical analysis is presented. The results show that institutional variables are more important to explain INNOVATION.

The main aim of this paper is to modleized a logical theoretical framework for the relations among governance, national INNOVATION SYSTEM and absorptive capacity, and TECHNOLOGICAL catching-up. With this aim and using the analytical and deductive method or content based resoning method, relations among these factores are identified and with separating non-price factores from price variables, the model is conceptualized. The results show that 1. all of variables and factors are indigenous except the shock price policy; 2. There is an increasing circle between absorptive capacity and TECHNOLOGICAL cathing-up (cumulative casualty); 3. In absence of this circle Neoclassical price polices fail in improving the TECHNOLOGICAL learning and cathing-up process.

The purpose of this study was identifying and explaining obstacles affecting the development of the agricultural TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM. This research paradigm was mixed method with qualitative to quantitative data connection approach. The statistical sample of the qualitative section, consisted key members of the Nanotechnology and Biotechnology Committees of Ministry of Agriculture Jihad (35 person) which 14 person were interviewed using purposive sampling technique, and researchers and experts of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology Committees of Ministry of Agriculture Jihad comprised the population of quantitative section of research (117 person), which were all enumerated. To achieve the reliability and validity of qualitative section of research, triangulation technique were used. Cronbach's alpha test, opinions of subject experts and goodness of fit indicators were used at the quantitative section. Consequently, 30 subsidiary elements discovered from qualitative section of research using Atlas.ti5.2 software. Finally, at the quantitative section of research by using SPSS and LISREL, the total variance explaining by the identified factors summarized, measured and verified.The results showed that 84.94 percent of the total variance of obstacles affecting the development of agricultural TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION SYSTEM could be explained by seven factors.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current status of the Rotary Wing's Technology INNOVATION SYSTEM (RWTIS) in Iran and identify its weaknesses and problems. For this purpose, a structural-functional approach has been used in evaluating INNOVATION SYSTEMs. The structural configuration of the SYSTEM was studied and studied using six helicopter experts, in four dimensions of the actors, their interactions, institutions, and technology (its infrastructure). The presence of a strong network in the supply and demand segment of the public-defense and weak interactions of the private sector, policy-making and facilitators, and civilian demand were recognized as characteristics of the RWTIS’ s structure in Iran. To assess the status of the functions of the SYSTEM, the survey tool was used and it was found that the overall condition of the functions is in the weak and, of course, the functions of "knowledge diffusion" and "resource mobilization" are the weakest functions of this SYSTEM. The weakness of the knowledge diffusion function is due to factors such as the level of participation and low competition of actors, and the space of diffusion of knowledge and technology. Regarding the mobilization of resources, the lack of financial resources and non-appropriate distribution of them in line with the needs and objectives of the SYSTEM was identified as the main causes of the weakness.